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Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) should be treated with drugs such as Ritalin only in severe cases and never when they are younger than 5, under official health guidelines issued today.
Widespread concerns that medication is used too freely to calm hyperactive children have been recognised by two clinical practice watchdogs, which are now advising doctors not to prescribe drugs whenever possible.
Most children with ADHD should instead be offered psychological therapy to improve their behaviour, backed up by training to support their parents and teachers, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (NCCMH) recommend.
Drugs such as Ritalin and Concerta (brand names for methylphenidate) and Strattera (atomoxetine) should be used as frontline treatments only when severe ADHD is diagnosed, or when other options have failed.
While up to 3 per cent of school-age children in Britain are affected by ADHD, only about a third to a quarter of these would qualify as severe cases. In a typical school of 1,400 children, between 30 and 40 would have a diagnosis of ADHD, and about 10 would be classed as severely affected.
The symptoms of ADHD include an inability to concentrate for long periods, hyperactive and restless behaviour, and impulsive actions, such as speaking without thinking of the consequences or failing to wait and take turns. It also affects about 2 per cent of adults.
ADHD support groups welcomed the guidelines, but said that they would have to be backed by increased resources for behavioural therapy if they are to have the desired effect.
Andrea Benbow, chief executive of the Attention Deficit Disorder Information and Support Service, said that many parents had to wait months or even years to be given psychological therapy and training, and that many programmes were not designed for ADHD or effective for it.
“There are huge waiting lists, and many training programmes are not ADHD-specific and they're useless,” she said. “We need these interventions - drugs are not the be all and end all - and parents would welcome them if they were there.
“This needs to be backed by better resources. Lots of the good programmes are delivered by the voluntary sector, but the problem is, who funds them?”
The new guidance follows growing disquiet among some parents, teachers and doctors about the number of children taking medication for ADHD, who often remain on drugs for years.
More than 600,000 prescriptions for the three drugs were filled in 2007 in England, though the number of children who received them is estimated at between 50,000 and 100,000 because only a month's supply is generally prescribed at once.
Ritalin is the most common ADHD drug, with 461,000 prescriptions filled in England in 2007. This compares with 199,000 in 2003, 26,500 in 1998 and 3,500 in 1993. The growth has alarmed some observers, concerned that some doctors are turning to medication too quickly to control a disorder that often responds well to other treatment strategies.
Ritalin and Concerta can have side-effects that include nervousness, insomnia, appetite loss and weight loss. Strattera can cause nausea, dizziness, fatigue and mood swings. There has also been little research into the implications of taking them as long-term treatments.
Prescription rates vary widely. In July a study by the Health Service Journal found that some primary care trusts offer Ritalin up to 23 times more than others: in Wirral, pharmacists dispensed one prescription for every seven children under 16, compared with one for every 159 children in Stoke-on-Trent.
Other treatment options include sending children on courses of cognitive behavioural therapy or social skills training, and training parents in how to cope with the condition and improve their children's behaviour. Teachers can also be trained to manage children with ADHD.
These can be highly effective, but drugs are often used instead because they offer a quicker solution and are not subject to long waiting lists.
The guidelines recommend a sparing approach to drug use when possible. Tim Kendall, a consultant psychiatrist in Sheffield and joint director of the NCCMH, who sat on the expert panel, said: “Quite commonly, people tend to revert to offering methylphenidate or atomoxetine.
“When they do that, it's not always because there's a good balance of risk and benefits. It's because the child has got what appears to be ADHD and that's what's available. It's easier to prescribe a drug when other options like parent-training programmes are not available.”
Gillian Leng, deputy chief executive of NICE, said: “Today's guideline, which is published during ADHD Awareness Week, is the first guideline to address the diagnosis and management of ADHD within both clinical and education settings. At its heart is the recognition of the importance of establishing a multidisciplinary team, including the person with ADHD, their family and their teachers in order to help support the person with ADHD achieve their full potential.”
Professor Eric Taylor, of the Institute of Psychiatry in London and chairman of the guideline development group, said: “I believe these guidelines will make people with ADHD, and their families, more confident that their problems will be recognised and can often be helped, and that they will provide professionals with a framework for good practice nationally.”

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ADHD is a legitimate diagnosis and for children affecfted it can be extremely difficult to function in school and meet expectations of teachers and parents. This has overwhelming implications for self-esteem development. Training programs for parents is necessary and empowering them is key.
Shelly , Sunshine Coast, Australia
We have a drug-free way to treat ADHD. Brain wave biofeedback or neurofeedback is safe and effective. It can be conducted as a therapy in a clinic or as physical education of the brain within the school. The research and results have been coming in since 1970. Brain training is elegant.
Gary Ames, Bala Cynwyd, PA, USA
what is wrong with kids having energy ?? what child
under 6 do we know that doesnt have alot of energy
if they didnt, there is a concern. brilliant kids dont have
the maturity so they take it out via running around. my
son has been that way & md's wanted meds & i refused
say NO, diet & exercise
olive, hanover, usa
I have a six year old who is on concerta when she wakes and recently taken off 50mg of tramidol to sleep. The doc said at four (stuck inside all the time) she ran around her office. A neurophyc report said she had OCD not ADHD. For biting her nails doc gave her 10mg prozac. Mom is on meds too.
Owen Jones, Arlington, usa
Why not look at the root cause first, namely the many brain scramblers contained in vaccinations, e.g. thimerosal, aluminium, formaldehyde, anti-freeze, MSG, aspartame. Bombarding the developing brain of a child with powerful psychotropic drugs is criminal!
Ingrid Blank, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
As a mother of four children one of which had ADD, I can tell you it has nothing to do with parent involvement or discipline. I have always been an at home mother and have tried therapy and diet ( such as no dairy etc. ) for 3 years before I decided to try Concerta. It is not a simple decision/ fix
Charlene, Boston, USA
Why would anyone want to give "Speed" to their kids??? Madness
billy, Cardiff, Wales
I work with children who have adhd and it certainly not down to bad parenting.all the children who are diagnosed go through thorough investigations before being prescribed medication.all agencies such as health,education and family liaise closely together helping children achieve at school.
j mccann, lancs, uk
I have an idea, maybe you should discipline your children. People are all to eager for a cheap chemical fix. Then, the child will never have to address his problems, or learn how to behave.
Parent involvement, including a healthy diet is the only answer that does not compromise the child.
Duane Watts, Dallas, USA
"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" is merely a pathologizing of normal childhood behaviors. All children are naturally more impulsive than adults. They also have shorter attention spans than adults. The drugs used to "treat" "ADHD" are addictive and have other dangerous effects, some fatal.
Laura Borst, Houston, Texas, United States
Don't blame the parents and certainly don't blame the children.
Microwave radiation from mobile phone masts is everywhere.
Microwave radiation attacks every part of the body and children being smaller are affected more than adults.
Ritalin cwill never be the answer. Research it. Be shocked.
M.Foster, Greenwich, England
i have done parenting classes,fish oils, changed diets, all without success, yet within a few days of being on medication, my child was crying because he was reading a book and learning about turtles, he was so excited. even his handwriting changed. He was able to concentrate for the first time!!!
deborah maher, warrington, england
Bob and Paul, I absolutely agree with you. As the mother of a boy with severeADHD it has been our personal experience that only a combination of both drugs and professional help is the key to success.
It is easy to pontificate when you haven't actually experienced the reality.
Francesca, Brussels,
My son was like a whirlwind with a destruction button which was pressed frequently as a child. Ritalin was not around then (20 years ago) and if it was I would like to think that I would have had the courage to refuse it as I believe it is causing rather than treating the problem.
kim, london,
Has anyone looked into the relationship between exercise and ADHD in children? Maybe more PE at school would reduce restlessness in the classroom? Although I can't help thinking the children stuck in a class with the ADHD kids are going to really suffer from this?
Sally, London,
In severe cases of ADHD drug therapy shows a dramatic improvement. it gives a bit of breathing time till other behaviour therapies have commenced taking. Parents and teachers are grateful and the child gains confidence that he can be a 'good boy'. Tten it can be tapered off gradually
vidya rao, walsall, UK
It has long been recognised that diet can affect behaviour, and feeding children fast food and chemically created soft drinks only increases the problem.
Changing the diet to fresh food from fresh ingredients will have a dramatic effect, and the benefits system shuld be changed to encourage this.
Terry George, Manchester, England
A great shame there is no mention that for the first time the ever NICE guidelines include adults. In fact they say that about 2% of adults may have it.
It is a hugely unrecognised and untreated problem. There is now even a group specially for adults: www.aadd.org.uk
Garret Smyth, London, UK
I am aware of one case where the mother has put all her 3 children on ritalin merely in order to increase the state benefits she gets for them. There is nothing clinically wrong with these children. The doctor who prescribed the drug and the mother are both disgusting
Jay, London,
Ritalin and other similar drugs will never replace, love, patience and discipline which seem in very short supply in both homes and schools. Children on these drugs wear the diagnosis with an air of authority and as an excuse for their bad behavier. No one knows the effect of long term use.
Rodney Barker, Gainsborough, England UK
Ritalin had never been tested on children, & causes permanent brain changes similar to Heroin. Grandson 14.9 y, reading age 8. Tests showed wheat and lactose intolerance By 16 he read to age. I gave him Eye Q & digestive enzymes & he could concentrate and learn. Why not try the safe thing 1st?
Dragon, Windsor, England
A lack of fruit and vegetables and a diet of junk foot and McBurgers is likely to be the main causes of a rise in ADHD.
The recent rise in number of sufferers and prominance in the lower social classes suggests this.
Richard Garland, Greater Manchester,
I wonder if third world children show similar ADHD rates?.
wayne, huntingdon, cambridgeshire
Psychological therapy will have about as much effect on ADHD as it would have on myopia.
Ritalin is far from a miracle cure, but it's the best we've got right now. In most cases, its use brings a significant improvement in the sufferer's concentration, working memory and information processing
Mark, Leicester, England
Very interesting how many foreign contributers to this. Clearly drugs can work as chemicals are powerful things. But for my so who has this condition we have managed to control it really quite well with a very strict diet (no sugar or additives, casien or gluten). Seems to work.
jonathan foreman, london, UK
The basic reason for giving the unfortunate children drugs is that there is no discipline either in the home or at school. This is coupled with teachers who cannot teach.
Brian P O Cinneide, eThekwini, Afrika Borwa
As a practicing child psychiatrist in the USA with over 20 years experience treating ADHD. One of the great pleasures of my work has been seeing the dramatic improvement that persons with ADHD receive when they are appropriately treated with medication. Non medical treatments are nowhere as good.
George, Santa Ana, USA
This article does not differentiate between ADHD forms - Hyperactive, Inattention (which most girls have) and Combined. ADHD has a neurophysical basis which psych training will not address. Medication boosts the ability to screen inputs and help people concentrate on getting the work done.
Nancy J, Calgary, Alberta
Chemicals will never solve the problem, but may give relief for the parents, but that is for the parents benefit, NOT the child's.
Why are there suddenly so many children with this 'disorder'? I have personal experience that assessment and change of diet can help enormously.
Andrew Crisp, Copenhagen, Denmark
Thousands of parents will be mourning this decision, no more free drugs to get high on, courtesy of the NHS.
It was about time this insanity was stopped, not only did the parents indulge, but also the kids that got used to their 'little helper' have been preconditioned for drug abuse in later life.
Roswhita, London,
I'm a teacher, whenever a child has an issue 1st thing administrators want to do is put them on drugs. This lackadaisical attitude regarding powerful psychotropic drugs being given to children with developing brains is disgraceful. Don't tell me it's necessary becuz for a thousand years it wasn't!
Mary Townsend, Seattle, WA, USA
In our family experience the 'confirmed' ADHD child, no amount of counselling can resolve deep seated issues if unmedicated as they struggle to comprehend any program. It needs a comprehensive program with professionals that are open-minded, team focused and not anti-drugs - including the teachers.
Paul, Brisbane, Australia
Here we go again. Obviously, Leng, Taylor, Kendall, and the "experts" at NICE & NCCMH have not been parents of children suffering these issues. Neither have they known the elation of the results of temporary medication when their children grow into healthy, happy, productive & inspiring adults.
Bob Evans, Anaheim, California